[CODATA-international] Digital Feudalism

Tue Oct 22 09:46:34 EDT 2019

Dear Colleagues,

I follow the exchanges with great interest and would like to emphasize the message sent by my colleague Prof Kevin McCluskey, Vice-President of the Executive Board of the World Federation for Culture Collections (WFCC).

Next to the existing constraints, whether social, legal or technical, there are some developments to be expected in the near future. These will impact heavily on the access to data, and in the worst case scenario impede the way scientific data are exchanged. These developments arise in what I would call a parallel world where scientists are not expressing their view sufficiently. This is among others what Prof McCluskey want to point.

As coordinator of the MOSAICC project and the TRUST programme, with colleagues of microbial biobanks we are striving towards facilitated and structured access to biological material. It goes without saying that access to biological raw material (elements of biodiversity) goes with facilitated and structured access to related data. For microbial biobanks, for culture collections, FAIR data is a primary condition to provide for biological material as well as for all relevant data to as many as possible scientists. FAIR doesn't mean free and wild access; it means efficient, cost-effective and equitable access.

We notice that the FAIR data concept is not very well known outside scientists' community and those that are working with (public and private R&I actors) and for (funding agencies, decision makers and administration of research) them.

When you publish on or promote FAIR Data do forward the information to the lawmakers and the civil officers involved in the negotiations or managing the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol. You may find the addresses of the representatives in your country by searching the database accessible at https://absch.cbd.int/, look in the country profiles to find yours and find the names and addresses of the ABS National Focal Point (NFP) and Competent National Authority (CNA). It's time for scientists to speak out and explain with facts what is needed to use in a sustainable way the global biodiversity and all related data and information research is producing.

Best regards,

Philippe DESMETH
WFCC Past President 2010-2017
TRUST Coordinator
Belspo Chargé de mission

WFCC Secretariat office
c/o

Belgian Science Policy Office
Programmes de Recherche
Simon Bolivar Boulevard 30
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T. +32 (0)2 238 37 13
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@ philippe.desmeth at belspo.be

From: CODATA-international [mailto:codata-international-bounces at lists.codata.org] On Behalf Of Kevin McCluskey
Sent: Monday 14 October 2019 17:09
To: Mwitondi, Kassim; Falk Huettmann; BOULTON Geoffrey
Cc: CODATA International
Subject: Re: [CODATA-international] Digital Feudalism

Meanwhile, conversations about making digital sequence information databases into a pay-as-you-go resource continue vis a vis the Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity.

While this may be a simplification, there is significant push back from "provider" parties who suggest that access to genetic data is not enough of a shared benefit and that some monetary benefit sharing should be established.  This is a significant impediment to open data sharing and creates pressure for private rather than public data resources.

The CBD held a fact finding study, and subsequently hosted an ad hoc technical expert group to discuss digital sequence information. https://www.cbd.int/abs/dsi-gr/2017-2018/default.shtml

The output of this first "ahteg" was a weak, non conclusive document that spawned a repeat meeting which will be held next winter https://www.cbd.int/abs/dsi-gr/2019-2020/default.shtml   Indeed, they could not even agree on what digital sequence information was with obstructive participants insisting that meta data was equivalent to sequence data.

Moreover, the first "ahteg" included participants who were not technical experts. One (representing Namibia and the African bloc) suggested that genome sequence databases were "like kiddie porn" and this was only challenged by a representative of a ngo- neither the CBD secretariat or the facilitator saw that this comment was neither technical or expert.  Another (representing the "third world network") exhorted the technical experts to "just be honest" which was again only challenged by the ngo representative. Other "technical experts" to the first ahteg included representatives of the international chamber of commerce, the WHO, and something called the ABS Capacity Development Initiative

Questions, such as how much data is generated from materials sourced in developing nations, who accesses these data sets, and whether the data is used for scientific publication (including co-authorship by scientists in developing nations), or in commercial products remain un-answered.   Maybe codata has experts who can look at these types of questions. Certainly genbank, entrez, gold, ddbj, riken, and the myriad of organism specific genome databases would be impacted by any pay-as-you-go or subscription model for access to genetic databases.

In this instance, open access to data is threatened by a desire to monitor utilization and tie it to benefit sharing. It has been my contention (not shared by everyone) that the solution to the digital sequence information problem lies in the data itself. If a party can show that a genetic trait is unique to their sovereign territory, then they should have unique exclusive rights to the utilization of that information. If, however, that specific genetic sequence is present in organisms from many parties (countries), then one party should not have exclusive rights to the utilization of that information. The key here is that the data on geographic distribution of the specific genetic sequence (or variant thereof) is the answer to the question of who has the right to control utilization of that information.

best regards,

Kevin McCluskey

Research Professor, Ret
Department of Plant Pathology
Kansas State University

From: CODATA-international [mailto:codata-international-bounces at lists.codata.org] On Behalf Of Jean-Claude.BURGELMAN at ec.europa.eu
Sent: Thursday 17 October 2019 11:18
To: Geoff.Boulton at ed.ac.uk; kiringai.kamau at godan.info
Cc: codata-international at lists.codata.org
Subject: Re: [CODATA-international] Digital Feudalism

Geoffrey et al

To me that seems to be a more than urgent issue to tackle and the ISC a more than correct actor to kick-start this.
For me the issue (data governance) is a no brainer as an urgent policy issue.
We have OPEC to govern the oil prices (the key resource of the industrial society) so we need something to govern data, the key resource of the 21st century a knowledge society.

2 points I would suggest to put on the agenda as they need to be tackled up front

1.       The exact scope : data is everywhere, but we can’t address it all. My suggestion: only data produced by the research system. In itself massive – certainly in view of AI - but also logical from an ISC perspective to ‘’claim’’ this.

2.       The governance models to avoid. It seems to me we need to invent a new frame, rather than hooking it to existing  institutions.

A federation of science clouds – emerging around the world de facto – could be a first step

Looking forward to collaborate on this

jc

Jean-Claude BURGELMAN
Open Access Envoy

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European Commission
DG Research & Innovation
Dir G
ORBN 07/087
1049 Brussels/Belgium
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jean-claude.burgelman at ec.europa.eu<mailto:jean-claude.burgelman at ec.europa.eu>

From: CODATA-international <codata-international-bounces at lists.codata.org> On Behalf Of BOULTON Geoffrey
Sent: Wednesday, October 16, 2019 9:20 PM
To: Kiringai Kamau <kiringai.kamau at godan.info>
Cc: CODATA International <codata-international at lists.codata.org>
Subject: Re: [CODATA-international] Digital Feudalism

I should mention that the International Science Council (outcome of a merger between ICSU and ISSC - the International Social Science Council -  is shortly to launch a major initiative on Global Data Governance (please don’t be upset by the world governance), that will deal with many of the issues raised in this correspondence. It will of course be highly contested by precisely some of those interests also referred to in this correspondence. However, if the science community does not take a lead on this one, you can be sure that someone else will.

It would be interring and useful to have colleagues' ideas on what the kick-off agenda should be. It would also be interesting the hear from those colleagues who thing it is a thoroughly bad idea,

Best wishes

Geoffrey

On 16 Oct 2019, at 18:48, Kiringai Kamau <kiringai.kamau at godan.info<mailto:kiringai.kamau at godan.info>> wrote:

Thanks, Alex for yours!

Your discussion makes the reason to have a more focused discourse among stakeholders which this platform provides part of. It would make good sense to align this with some of the data think Tanks and present the case for in-depth analysis for a continental level discussion. We are gearing for the ACFTA, which will drive intra-Africa Trade. Investment in infrastructure is definitely critical for this.

The GODAN Africa Agenda is to promote a concensus on an Open data paradigm that anonymizes data for access, use and reuse for innovation. Intra-country data needs to be as raw as the users may seek to do. It makes sense for each country to plan its own strategy on hosting, but GODAN supports countries think through the internal processes. Alone, however, we are not able to do it which is why we are a network to work with those who share our vision of making evidence available for decision making using data openness.

The best locale for the kind of discussion we seem to hold is at the AU or ECA, who could kick start the discussions then regions and countries can take that forward but from the perspective of breaking the big pan African challenge into smaller achievable milestones. If we do have any representatives of the AU, ECA, or any institutional initiatives that believe in the goal of GODAN, in this forum, kindly inbox me so that we can side chat on the possibilities.

Sincerely,

Kiringai

This discu

On Wed, Oct 16, 2019 at 5:21 PM Alex de Sherbinin <adesherbinin at ciesin.columbia.edu<mailto:adesherbinin at ciesin.columbia.edu>> wrote:
Dear Kiringai,

Thanks for your thoughtful response. I don't think that the cloud makes in-country or regional investments in the establishment of data repositories redundant. A repository could use the cloud for storage or backup and still require domain expertise for the curation, documentation and stewardship of data according to community standards. Note that the CoreTrustSeal certification requires repositories to identify their domain and mission, which is considered critical for understanding the needs of the user community.

One of the issues I have with the current approach to putting data in open repositories (Dryad, Figshare, etc.) is that the data are often not well documented (unless accompanied by a journal article) or discoverable, e.g. through catalog searches. Something else I've encountered in Africa is a reluctance by national governments to entrust their data to cloud services hosted in Europe or North America. There may really be no threat to data security or breaches at all, but there is a perception that such a threat exists or that this is a form of neo-colonialism (exportation of data). Lastly, someone else raised the issue that the cloud requires monthly fees. Unfortunately this may represent an obstacle to donors, who can pay for infrastructure but not necessarily monthly fees. Perhaps those policies can be changed in recognition of the new reality. Or perhaps a continental/regional approach could mean that a repository is supported by fees coming from multiple member countries.

I am not opposed to a continental/regional approach to data repositories, but where do we begin? With the AOSP? The African Union? And is it just one big open repository serving all domains from health to agriculture to climate or biological sciences, or could we envision various domain repositories being set up with core funding serving continental or regional needs (say under the umbrella of ECOWAS or CILSS in the West African context)?

In any case - I wanted to make this point to the group at large, in case others have thoughts. I would like to follow up with you for some more discussions on possible GODAN-WDS collaboration in the region.

Alex

On Sun, Oct 13, 2019 at 12:56 AM Kiringai Kamau <kiringai.kamau at godan.info<mailto:kiringai.kamau at godan.info>> wrote:
Alex,

As you well mention, the Cloud makes in-country investments redundant. and may to some extent be unnecessary. As Africa moves to centralize rather than decentralize within the Continental Free Trade Area and the Malabo Agendas, we may want to think of Africa's open data space as the policy environment where much of what emerges from your workshop/conference will get better mileage for realization.

GODAN's Africa Agenda is to support a melting pot of innovation using data. It is my view that once data is openly available, the temptation of taking it away to any place or location after a project is done becomes unnecessary. We make a deal of data theft because someone having it has better mileage in what they can propose to us...what if everyone has access, can use and reuse the data for innovation-based not on information asymmetry but rather on their ingenuity?

If we could do this, then the pan African institutions would focus on what brings development rather than other parochial interests...investment would be promoted and development achieved.

I would be keen to discuss with your team on the possibilities of moving to a more centralized open data space that can inspire innovation as we work together within the GODAN Agenda. Unfortunately, we shall be finishing the Africa Geospatial Data and Internet Conference in Accra at the time yours kicks off.

Inbox me for further discussion on how we can work together.

Kiringai,

On Sat, Oct 12, 2019 at 9:53 PM Alex de Sherbinin <adesherbinin at ciesin.columbia.edu<mailto:adesherbinin at ciesin.columbia.edu>> wrote:
This conversation offers a good opportunity to make everyone aware of a conference coming up on 23-25 October in Dakar: "Open Science in the South: Issues and Perspectives for a New Dynamic"   https://opensciencesud.sciencesconf.org/<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/opensciencesud.sciencesconf.org/__;!NW73rmyV52c!UrPr3J-Y0KFaALfr1KzXpKMBItrPWFea6XLUMgy9-eQlkqDgUy0dw75xS2utF06_Rzgw1r0j044g9w$>.

At this conference I am co-organizing with a colleague from WDS (Arona Diedhou) and partners from Agrhymet, Centre de Suivi Ecologique and WASCAL a workshop on developing West African research data repositories. One of the arguments I plan to make is that the absence of national / regional repositories, along with policies in countries requiring repatriation of data (or at least maintenance of a copy in country), there will continue be a lack of "restitution" of research findings and development project data in the region. I'd be happy to know if others are making such arguments, or if indeed in the age of the cloud this seems too parochial. Obviously this would require training and funding.  If anyone can point me to initiatives that would support this effort, that would be most welcome.  I am hoping to convince IRD, the lead organizer, that investment in this area would be a tangible output from the conference.

Cheers,
Alex de Sherbinin
vice chair, WDS scientific committee

On Sat, Oct 12, 2019 at 9:42 AM Kiringai Kamau <kiringai.kamau at godan.info<mailto:kiringai.kamau at godan.info>> wrote:
Kassim, Niek

As you rightly say, most of the projects are undertaken from a top-down perspective, with limited sharing of knowledge among all the actors ... the beneficiaries rarely get to see the definition of the mission and the impatience to get started by those coming with the project funds creates no opportunity for any preparedness among the beneficiary partners. Where knowledgeable persons exist, they may only be hosted within institutions. In many cases, such institutions are not core/key actors in the problem/project definition. They are only invited, by a higher privileged office/officer, when everything has been defined and pathways of implementation determined at a political level they cannot question. Economic or political interests are the pathways that those with interests use to take advantage of a system they may know presents the opportunity to give them leeway to mine data for their use and leave with it. The projects therefore are not defined with any other intention other than the data sourcing for a song and empty promises by those portending to possess the knowledge that will develop a beneficiary country.

Realizing this challenge, the Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition convened with ministers of the South-South an Open Data Conference in Nairobi where a Declaration was formulated. We are currently supporting African countries to evolve policies and frameworks that can advise compliance to national, regional and global agendas and in the process build local capacity key of which is data governance. I am convinced that we can sport feudal inclinations on behalf of partner countries in projects and therefore request anyone formulating a project that they feel should be bottom-up and create local knowledge should link up with GODAN through Suchith or myself (in case your area of focus is Africa).

Thanks, Suchith for sharing the Feudalism concerns.

Kiringai Kamau

On Sat, Oct 12, 2019 at 10:16 AM Mwitondi, Kassim <K.Mwitondi at shu.ac.uk<mailto:K.Mwitondi at shu.ac.uk>> wrote:
This is an instance of a biased data ownership. A few years ago I was working with a young African researcher on an agro-forestry research project. No sooner had we started than I realused that her centre had only some descriptive statistics but no direct access to the biomass data which she and her colleagues had spent months collecting from two islands! The vast chunk of the data had left with the development partners at the end of the project. It turned out, nobody at the centre had any knowledge or pressing interest to pursue the data and there was already new initiatives to run another project, which in my view was almost a duplicate of the first, but this time with a different development partner.

To cut the long story short, I have come across several cases of data ownership of this nature and my view is that it doesn't help much coining terminologies, as the best that can be achieved is a blame culture. Would I call that data capitalism? Colonialism? Feudalism? I never would! I have learnt, over the years, that proper problem identification is a major stride in working out the solution. Blaming it on one part marginalizing the other when it comes to data generation, access and ownership is stripping everyone on the project of a fundamental responsibility in managing the project.

Apparently, the problem starts with the project write-up. If the project recipient is fully engaged from project initiation to delivery, they surely should know how to access the data, as that is a key project deliverable. My personal experience is that there are a several factors that lead to this kind of situation. One, many project ideas are top-down, that is, they are not developed within the working conditions of the recipients. Two, there are often many gaps in engagement, mainly caused by near disparate motives on many projects, with the funders, experts and recipients not necessarily having the same perception, motives or knowledge. Put the two together and add the determined project timeline, you have a near disaster. But the tripartite interests to run projects continues and we are creating a vicious cycle. What is the solution? It must start from the recipients who must align each incoming project with their respective development strategies. They must present themselves as equal partners in defining the project problem and tracking and measuring its outcomes. They should be able to quantifiable identify what worked and what didn't and any there should be national institutions charged with such responsibility. I could be writing all night, I would rather stop here for now.

Thanks.

KSM

Dr Kassim S. Mwitondi
Sheffield Hallam University
Faculty of Science, Technology and Arts
Communication & Computing Research Centre
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Tel. +44-114-2256914 (Direct)
Tel. +44-114-2255555 (General)
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________________________________
From: CODATA-international <codata-international-bounces at lists.codata.org<mailto:codata-international-bounces at lists.codata.org>> on behalf of Trimpact - Niek <niek at trimpact.nl<mailto:niek at trimpact.nl>>
Sent: 11 October 2019 18:12:22
To: 'Ernie Boyko' <boykern at yahoo.com<mailto:boykern at yahoo.com>>; 'CODATA International' <codata-international at lists.codata.org<mailto:codata-international at lists.codata.org>>; 'Suchith Anand' <Suchith.Anand at nottingham.ac.uk<mailto:Suchith.Anand at nottingham.ac.uk>>
Subject: Re: [CODATA-international] Digital Feudalism

Dear all,

This is indeed a huge problem. I also recently learned that information data from NGOs are best perhaps shared with some ministries in Bamako, Mali, but not within a region where the work is being done. This implies that local decision makers remain dependant on the information/data stream back from the ministries which may take some months, if ever. This can never be the purpose of the work executed.

Since most of the projects are financed with public funding for the benefit of de people in the given (development) country and data/information belong in fact to the real funds provider of the work (i.e. tax payers), claims of intellectual property rights that data belong to the project executors seem not applicable. Consequently, data and other information (e.g. lessons learned) should be shared at large to the population and other relevant stakeholders to avoid duplication of efforts.

A discussion worthwhile to be continued.

Kind regards,

Dr. Niek van Duivenbooden

<image001.png>  Bringing value to life

Mezenlaan 138  -  6951 HR Dieren  -  The Netherlands – T +31 61 13 81 061
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Van: CODATA-international <codata-international-bounces at lists.codata.org<mailto:codata-international-bounces at lists.codata.org>> Namens Ernie Boyko
Verzonden: vrijdag 11 oktober 2019 15:26
Aan: CODATA International <codata-international at lists.codata.org<mailto:codata-international at lists.codata.org>>; Suchith Anand <Suchith.Anand at nottingham.ac.uk<mailto:Suchith.Anand at nottingham.ac.uk>>
Onderwerp: Re: [CODATA-international] Digital Feudalism

Thank you Suchith,
I have not heard that term before but I did run into   related term this week at the DDI-CODATA workshop here in Dagstuhl.  The term is Data Colonialism.  This often happens when a foreign entity (e.g., a development agency/project).e data are collected in a developing country and are taken out of the country.  They will leave behind some summary tables but will take the rich data and metadata away.  This makes it difficult to develop the data analysis and management skills within the country.

Thanks for the message.

Cheers, Ernie
+1-613-290-2804
Larrimac:  More than a golf course!
CODATA: Making data work together to improve science to support decision makers.

On Friday, October 11, 2019, 08:51:29 AM EDT, Suchith Anand <Suchith.Anand at nottingham.ac.uk<mailto:Suchith.Anand at nottingham.ac.uk>> wrote:

I came across a recent op-ed by Prof. Mariana Mazzucato on “Digital Feudalism”  at

https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/platform-economy-digital-feudalism-by-mariana-mazzucato-2019-10?utm_source=Project+Syndicate+Newsletter&utm_campaign=d192f2bc47-sunday_newsletter_6_10_2019&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_73bad5b7d8-d192f2bc47-105013549&mc_cid=d192f2bc47&mc_eid=a8cee90b20<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/platform-economy-digital-feudalism-by-mariana-mazzucato-2019-10?utm_source=Project*Syndicate*Newsletter&utm_campaign=d192f2bc47-sunday_newsletter_6_10_2019&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_73bad5b7d8-d192f2bc47-105013549&mc_cid=d192f2bc47&mc_eid=a8cee90b20__;Kys!NW73rmyV52c!UrPr3J-Y0KFaALfr1KzXpKMBItrPWFea6XLUMgy9-eQlkqDgUy0dw75xS2utF06_Rzgw1r3ig26yxQ$>

Prof. Mazzucato is a leading researcher and thinker on Technology and Innovation, advisor to the European Commission on research and innovation strategy, and author of two important books on the subject “The Value of Everything” and “The Entrepreneurial State”.

The report on “Mission-oriented Research and Innovation in the European Union” might be of interest
https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/mazzucato_report_2018.pdf

Since the use of cloud platforms for GIS data analysis is having a huge impact on the GIS community, the subject is of relevance. I would like learn more on this
1.      Are there any examples of Digital Feudalism in GIS?
2.      How will Digital Feudalism in GIS affect our future generations?
3.      What policies are governments, regulators doing to reduce Digital Feudalism in GIS?
4.      What policies and curriculum are universities, educators adopting to reduce Digital Feudalism in GIS?

Best wishes,

Suchith

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Kiringai Kamau

GODAN Africa Lead
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Kiringai Kamau

GODAN Africa Lead
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GODAN Head Office
845 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G4
Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9

Programme for Capacity Development in Africa (P4CDA)
PO Box 1618, 00100 GPO Nairobi, 1st Floor, Nyaku House, Argwings Kodhek Road
Cell: +254 722 800 986/+254 733 375 505
Email: kiringai.kamau at godan.info<mailto:kiringai.kamau at godan.info> or kiringai at perfect.africa<mailto:kiringai at perfect.africa>

Website: www.godan.info<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/www.godan.info/__;!NW73rmyV52c!UrPr3J-Y0KFaALfr1KzXpKMBItrPWFea6XLUMgy9-eQlkqDgUy0dw75xS2utF06_Rzgw1r0hI87Exw$> or www.perfect.africa<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/www.perfect.africa/__;!NW73rmyV52c!UrPr3J-Y0KFaALfr1KzXpKMBItrPWFea6XLUMgy9-eQlkqDgUy0dw75xS2utF06_Rzgw1r1j36IeeA$>, Tweeter: @kiringaik, Skype: kiringai.kamau

--
--------------------------------------------------
Alex de Sherbinin, PhD
Associate Director, Science Applications Division
Deputy Manager, NASA SEDAC
CIESIN, The Earth Institute at Columbia University
P.O. Box 1000 (61 Route 9W), Palisades, NY 10964
Web: www.ciesin.columbia.edu<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/www.ciesin.columbia.edu/__;!NW73rmyV52c!UrPr3J-Y0KFaALfr1KzXpKMBItrPWFea6XLUMgy9-eQlkqDgUy0dw75xS2utF06_Rzgw1r1WfoxG5Q$> and http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/__;!NW73rmyV52c!UrPr3J-Y0KFaALfr1KzXpKMBItrPWFea6XLUMgy9-eQlkqDgUy0dw75xS2utF06_Rzgw1r3vE4B8gQ$>
Tel. +1-845-365-8936,  Skype: alex.desherbinin

--
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Kiringai Kamau

GODAN Africa Lead
Programme for Capacity Development in Africa (P4CDA Africa)
[Description: Description: Description: Description: Image removed by sender.]
GODAN Head Office
845 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G4
Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9

Programme for Capacity Development in Africa (P4CDA)
PO Box 1618, 00100 GPO Nairobi, 1st Floor, Nyaku House, Argwings Kodhek Road
Cell: +254 722 800 986/+254 733 375 505
Email: kiringai.kamau at godan.info<mailto:kiringai.kamau at godan.info> or kiringai at perfect.africa<mailto:kiringai at perfect.africa>

Website: www.godan.info<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/www.godan.info/__;!NW73rmyV52c!UrPr3J-Y0KFaALfr1KzXpKMBItrPWFea6XLUMgy9-eQlkqDgUy0dw75xS2utF06_Rzgw1r0hI87Exw$> or www.perfect.africa<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/www.perfect.africa/__;!NW73rmyV52c!UrPr3J-Y0KFaALfr1KzXpKMBItrPWFea6XLUMgy9-eQlkqDgUy0dw75xS2utF06_Rzgw1r1j36IeeA$>, Tweeter: @kiringaik, Skype: kiringai.kamau

_______________________________________________
CODATA-international mailing list
CODATA-international at lists.codata.org<mailto:CODATA-international at lists.codata.org>
http://lists.codata.org/mailman/listinfo/codata-international_lists.codata.org<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/lists.codata.org/mailman/listinfo/codata-international_lists.codata.org__;!NW73rmyV52c!UrPr3J-Y0KFaALfr1KzXpKMBItrPWFea6XLUMgy9-eQlkqDgUy0dw75xS2utF06_Rzgw1r3Bb1a-Jw$>

The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336.
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